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4973 | right-hear | 1 | /* Copyright (C) 1994 DJ Delorie, see COPYING.DJ for details */ |
2 | /* @(#)e_pow.c 5.1 93/09/24 */ |
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3 | /* |
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4 | * ==================================================== |
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5 | * Copyright (C) 1993 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. |
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6 | * |
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7 | * Developed at SunPro, a Sun Microsystems, Inc. business. |
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8 | * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this |
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9 | * software is freely granted, provided that this notice |
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10 | * is preserved. |
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11 | * ==================================================== |
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12 | */ |
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13 | |||
14 | #if defined(LIBM_SCCS) && !defined(lint) |
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15 | static char rcsid[] = "$Id: e_pow.c,v 1.6 1994/09/13 00:40:33 jtc Exp $"; |
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16 | #endif |
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17 | |||
18 | /* __ieee754_pow(x,y) return x**y |
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19 | * |
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20 | * n |
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21 | * Method: Let x = 2 * (1+f) |
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22 | * 1. Compute and return log2(x) in two pieces: |
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23 | * log2(x) = w1 + w2, |
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24 | * where w1 has 53-24 = 29 bit trailing zeros. |
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25 | * 2. Perform y*log2(x) = n+y' by simulating muti-precision |
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26 | * arithmetic, where |y'|<=0.5. |
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27 | * 3. Return x**y = 2**n*exp(y'*log2) |
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28 | * |
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29 | * Special cases: |
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30 | * 1. (anything) ** 0 is 1 |
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31 | * 2. (anything) ** 1 is itself |
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32 | * 3. (anything) ** NAN is NAN |
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33 | * 4. NAN ** (anything except 0) is NAN |
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34 | * 5. +-(|x| > 1) ** +INF is +INF |
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35 | * 6. +-(|x| > 1) ** -INF is +0 |
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36 | * 7. +-(|x| < 1) ** +INF is +0 |
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37 | * 8. +-(|x| < 1) ** -INF is +INF |
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38 | * 9. +-1 ** +-INF is NAN |
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39 | * 10. +0 ** (+anything except 0, NAN) is +0 |
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40 | * 11. -0 ** (+anything except 0, NAN, odd integer) is +0 |
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41 | * 12. +0 ** (-anything except 0, NAN) is +INF |
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42 | * 13. -0 ** (-anything except 0, NAN, odd integer) is +INF |
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43 | * 14. -0 ** (odd integer) = -( +0 ** (odd integer) ) |
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44 | * 15. +INF ** (+anything except 0,NAN) is +INF |
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45 | * 16. +INF ** (-anything except 0,NAN) is +0 |
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46 | * 17. -INF ** (anything) = -0 ** (-anything) |
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47 | * 18. (-anything) ** (integer) is (-1)**(integer)*(+anything**integer) |
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48 | * 19. (-anything except 0 and inf) ** (non-integer) is NAN |
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49 | * |
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50 | * Accuracy: |
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51 | * pow(x,y) returns x**y nearly rounded. In particular |
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52 | * pow(integer,integer) |
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53 | * always returns the correct integer provided it is |
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54 | * representable. |
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55 | * |
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56 | * Constants : |
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57 | * The hexadecimal values are the intended ones for the following |
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58 | * constants. The decimal values may be used, provided that the |
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59 | * compiler will convert from decimal to binary accurately enough |
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60 | * to produce the hexadecimal values shown. |
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61 | */ |
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62 | |||
63 | #include "math.h" |
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64 | #include "math_private.h" |
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65 | |||
66 | #ifdef __STDC__ |
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67 | static const double |
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68 | #else |
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69 | static double |
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70 | #endif |
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71 | bp[] = {1.0, 1.5,}, |
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72 | dp_h[] = { 0.0, 5.84962487220764160156e-01,}, /* 0x3FE2B803, 0x40000000 */ |
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73 | dp_l[] = { 0.0, 1.35003920212974897128e-08,}, /* 0x3E4CFDEB, 0x43CFD006 */ |
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74 | zero = 0.0, |
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75 | one = 1.0, |
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76 | two = 2.0, |
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77 | two53 = 9007199254740992.0, /* 0x43400000, 0x00000000 */ |
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78 | huge = 1.0e300, |
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79 | tiny = 1.0e-300, |
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80 | /* poly coefs for (3/2)*(log(x)-2s-2/3*s**3 */ |
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81 | L1 = 5.99999999999994648725e-01, /* 0x3FE33333, 0x33333303 */ |
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82 | L2 = 4.28571428578550184252e-01, /* 0x3FDB6DB6, 0xDB6FABFF */ |
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83 | L3 = 3.33333329818377432918e-01, /* 0x3FD55555, 0x518F264D */ |
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84 | L4 = 2.72728123808534006489e-01, /* 0x3FD17460, 0xA91D4101 */ |
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85 | L5 = 2.30660745775561754067e-01, /* 0x3FCD864A, 0x93C9DB65 */ |
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86 | L6 = 2.06975017800338417784e-01, /* 0x3FCA7E28, 0x4A454EEF */ |
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87 | P1 = 1.66666666666666019037e-01, /* 0x3FC55555, 0x5555553E */ |
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88 | P2 = -2.77777777770155933842e-03, /* 0xBF66C16C, 0x16BEBD93 */ |
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89 | P3 = 6.61375632143793436117e-05, /* 0x3F11566A, 0xAF25DE2C */ |
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90 | P4 = -1.65339022054652515390e-06, /* 0xBEBBBD41, 0xC5D26BF1 */ |
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91 | P5 = 4.13813679705723846039e-08, /* 0x3E663769, 0x72BEA4D0 */ |
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92 | lg2 = 6.93147180559945286227e-01, /* 0x3FE62E42, 0xFEFA39EF */ |
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93 | lg2_h = 6.93147182464599609375e-01, /* 0x3FE62E43, 0x00000000 */ |
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94 | lg2_l = -1.90465429995776804525e-09, /* 0xBE205C61, 0x0CA86C39 */ |
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95 | ovt = 8.0085662595372944372e-0017, /* -(1024-log2(ovfl+.5ulp)) */ |
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96 | cp = 9.61796693925975554329e-01, /* 0x3FEEC709, 0xDC3A03FD =2/(3ln2) */ |
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97 | cp_h = 9.61796700954437255859e-01, /* 0x3FEEC709, 0xE0000000 =(float)cp */ |
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98 | cp_l = -7.02846165095275826516e-09, /* 0xBE3E2FE0, 0x145B01F5 =tail of cp_h*/ |
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99 | ivln2 = 1.44269504088896338700e+00, /* 0x3FF71547, 0x652B82FE =1/ln2 */ |
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100 | ivln2_h = 1.44269502162933349609e+00, /* 0x3FF71547, 0x60000000 =24b 1/ln2*/ |
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101 | ivln2_l = 1.92596299112661746887e-08; /* 0x3E54AE0B, 0xF85DDF44 =1/ln2 tail*/ |
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102 | |||
103 | #ifdef __STDC__ |
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104 | double __ieee754_pow(double x, double y) |
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105 | #else |
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106 | double __ieee754_pow(x,y) |
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107 | double x, y; |
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108 | #endif |
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109 | { |
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110 | double z,ax,z_h,z_l,p_h,p_l; |
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111 | double y1,t1,t2,r,s,t,u,v,w; |
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112 | int32_t i,j,k,yisint,n; |
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113 | int32_t hx,hy,ix,iy; |
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114 | u_int32_t lx,ly; |
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115 | |||
116 | EXTRACT_WORDS(hx,lx,x); |
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117 | EXTRACT_WORDS(hy,ly,y); |
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118 | ix = hx&0x7fffffff; iy = hy&0x7fffffff; |
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119 | |||
120 | /* y==zero: x**0 = 1 */ |
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121 | if((iy|ly)==0) return one; |
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122 | |||
123 | /* +-NaN return x+y */ |
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124 | if(ix > 0x7ff00000 || ((ix==0x7ff00000)&&(lx!=0)) || |
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125 | iy > 0x7ff00000 || ((iy==0x7ff00000)&&(ly!=0))) |
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126 | return x+y; |
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127 | |||
128 | /* determine if y is an odd int when x < 0 |
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129 | * yisint = 0 ... y is not an integer |
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130 | * yisint = 1 ... y is an odd int |
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131 | * yisint = 2 ... y is an even int |
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132 | */ |
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133 | yisint = 0; |
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134 | if(hx<0) { |
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135 | if(iy>=0x43400000) yisint = 2; /* even integer y */ |
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136 | else if(iy>=0x3ff00000) { |
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137 | k = (iy>>20)-0x3ff; /* exponent */ |
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138 | if(k>20) { |
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139 | j = ly>>(52-k); |
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140 | if((j<<(52-k))==ly) yisint = 2-(j&1); |
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141 | } else if(ly==0) { |
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142 | j = iy>>(20-k); |
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143 | if((j<<(20-k))==iy) yisint = 2-(j&1); |
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144 | } |
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145 | } |
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146 | } |
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147 | |||
148 | /* special value of y */ |
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149 | if(ly==0) { |
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150 | if (iy==0x7ff00000) { /* y is +-inf */ |
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151 | if(((ix-0x3ff00000)|lx)==0) |
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152 | return y - y; /* inf**+-1 is NaN */ |
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153 | else if (ix >= 0x3ff00000)/* (|x|>1)**+-inf = inf,0 */ |
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154 | return (hy>=0)? y: zero; |
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155 | else /* (|x|<1)**-,+inf = inf,0 */ |
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156 | return (hy<0)?-y: zero; |
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157 | } |
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158 | if(iy==0x3ff00000) { /* y is +-1 */ |
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159 | if(hy<0) return one/x; else return x; |
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160 | } |
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161 | if(hy==0x40000000) return x*x; /* y is 2 */ |
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162 | if(hy==0x3fe00000) { /* y is 0.5 */ |
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163 | if(hx>=0) /* x >= +0 */ |
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164 | return sqrt(x); |
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165 | } |
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166 | } |
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167 | |||
168 | ax = fabs(x); |
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169 | /* special value of x */ |
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170 | if(lx==0) { |
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171 | if(ix==0x7ff00000||ix==0||ix==0x3ff00000){ |
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172 | z = ax; /*x is +-0,+-inf,+-1*/ |
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173 | if(hy<0) z = one/z; /* z = (1/|x|) */ |
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174 | if(hx<0) { |
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175 | if(((ix-0x3ff00000)|yisint)==0) { |
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176 | z = (z-z)/(z-z); /* (-1)**non-int is NaN */ |
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177 | } else if(yisint==1) |
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178 | z = -z; /* (x<0)**odd = -(|x|**odd) */ |
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179 | } |
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180 | return z; |
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181 | } |
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182 | } |
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183 | |||
184 | /* (x<0)**(non-int) is NaN */ |
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185 | if(((((u_int32_t)hx>>31)-1)|yisint)==0) return (x-x)/(x-x); |
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186 | |||
187 | /* |y| is huge */ |
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188 | if(iy>0x41e00000) { /* if |y| > 2**31 */ |
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189 | if(iy>0x43f00000){ /* if |y| > 2**64, must o/uflow */ |
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190 | if(ix<=0x3fefffff) return (hy<0)? huge*huge:tiny*tiny; |
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191 | if(ix>=0x3ff00000) return (hy>0)? huge*huge:tiny*tiny; |
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192 | } |
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193 | /* over/underflow if x is not close to one */ |
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194 | if(ix<0x3fefffff) return (hy<0)? huge*huge:tiny*tiny; |
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195 | if(ix>0x3ff00000) return (hy>0)? huge*huge:tiny*tiny; |
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196 | /* now |1-x| is tiny <= 2**-20, suffice to compute |
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197 | log(x) by x-x^2/2+x^3/3-x^4/4 */ |
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198 | t = x-1; /* t has 20 trailing zeros */ |
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199 | w = (t*t)*(0.5-t*(0.3333333333333333333333-t*0.25)); |
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200 | u = ivln2_h*t; /* ivln2_h has 21 sig. bits */ |
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201 | v = t*ivln2_l-w*ivln2; |
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202 | t1 = u+v; |
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203 | SET_LOW_WORD(t1,0); |
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204 | t2 = v-(t1-u); |
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205 | } else { |
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206 | double s2,s_h,s_l,t_h,t_l; |
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207 | n = 0; |
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208 | /* take care subnormal number */ |
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209 | if(ix<0x00100000) |
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210 | {ax *= two53; n -= 53; GET_HIGH_WORD(ix,ax); } |
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211 | n += ((ix)>>20)-0x3ff; |
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212 | j = ix&0x000fffff; |
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213 | /* determine interval */ |
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214 | ix = j|0x3ff00000; /* normalize ix */ |
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215 | if(j<=0x3988E) k=0; /* |x| |
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216 | else if(j<0xBB67A) k=1; /* |x| |
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217 | else {k=0;n+=1;ix -= 0x00100000;} |
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218 | SET_HIGH_WORD(ax,ix); |
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219 | |||
220 | /* compute s = s_h+s_l = (x-1)/(x+1) or (x-1.5)/(x+1.5) */ |
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221 | u = ax-bp[k]; /* bp[0]=1.0, bp[1]=1.5 */ |
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222 | v = one/(ax+bp[k]); |
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223 | s = u*v; |
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224 | s_h = s; |
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225 | SET_LOW_WORD(s_h,0); |
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226 | /* t_h=ax+bp[k] High */ |
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227 | t_h = zero; |
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228 | SET_HIGH_WORD(t_h,((ix>>1)|0x20000000)+0x00080000+(k<<18)); |
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229 | t_l = ax - (t_h-bp[k]); |
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230 | s_l = v*((u-s_h*t_h)-s_h*t_l); |
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231 | /* compute log(ax) */ |
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232 | s2 = s*s; |
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233 | r = s2*s2*(L1+s2*(L2+s2*(L3+s2*(L4+s2*(L5+s2*L6))))); |
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234 | r += s_l*(s_h+s); |
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235 | s2 = s_h*s_h; |
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236 | t_h = 3.0+s2+r; |
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237 | SET_LOW_WORD(t_h,0); |
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238 | t_l = r-((t_h-3.0)-s2); |
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239 | /* u+v = s*(1+...) */ |
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240 | u = s_h*t_h; |
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241 | v = s_l*t_h+t_l*s; |
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242 | /* 2/(3log2)*(s+...) */ |
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243 | p_h = u+v; |
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244 | SET_LOW_WORD(p_h,0); |
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245 | p_l = v-(p_h-u); |
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246 | z_h = cp_h*p_h; /* cp_h+cp_l = 2/(3*log2) */ |
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247 | z_l = cp_l*p_h+p_l*cp+dp_l[k]; |
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248 | /* log2(ax) = (s+..)*2/(3*log2) = n + dp_h + z_h + z_l */ |
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249 | t = (double)n; |
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250 | t1 = (((z_h+z_l)+dp_h[k])+t); |
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251 | SET_LOW_WORD(t1,0); |
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252 | t2 = z_l-(((t1-t)-dp_h[k])-z_h); |
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253 | } |
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254 | |||
255 | s = one; /* s (sign of result -ve**odd) = -1 else = 1 */ |
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256 | if(((((u_int32_t)hx>>31)-1)|(yisint-1))==0) |
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257 | s = -one;/* (-ve)**(odd int) */ |
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258 | |||
259 | /* split up y into y1+y2 and compute (y1+y2)*(t1+t2) */ |
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260 | y1 = y; |
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261 | SET_LOW_WORD(y1,0); |
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262 | p_l = (y-y1)*t1+y*t2; |
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263 | p_h = y1*t1; |
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264 | z = p_l+p_h; |
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265 | EXTRACT_WORDS(j,i,z); |
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266 | if (j>=0x40900000) { /* z >= 1024 */ |
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267 | if(((j-0x40900000)|i)!=0) /* if z > 1024 */ |
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268 | return s*huge*huge; /* overflow */ |
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269 | else { |
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270 | if(p_l+ovt>z-p_h) return s*huge*huge; /* overflow */ |
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271 | } |
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272 | } else if((j&0x7fffffff)>=0x4090cc00 ) { /* z <= -1075 */ |
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273 | if(((j-0xc090cc00)|i)!=0) /* z < -1075 */ |
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274 | return s*tiny*tiny; /* underflow */ |
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275 | else { |
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276 | if(p_l<=z-p_h) return s*tiny*tiny; /* underflow */ |
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277 | } |
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278 | } |
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279 | /* |
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280 | * compute 2**(p_h+p_l) |
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281 | */ |
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282 | i = j&0x7fffffff; |
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283 | k = (i>>20)-0x3ff; |
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284 | n = 0; |
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285 | if(i>0x3fe00000) { /* if |z| > 0.5, set n = [z+0.5] */ |
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286 | n = j+(0x00100000>>(k+1)); |
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287 | k = ((n&0x7fffffff)>>20)-0x3ff; /* new k for n */ |
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288 | t = zero; |
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289 | SET_HIGH_WORD(t,n&~(0x000fffff>>k)); |
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290 | n = ((n&0x000fffff)|0x00100000)>>(20-k); |
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291 | if(j<0) n = -n; |
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292 | p_h -= t; |
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293 | } |
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294 | t = p_l+p_h; |
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295 | SET_LOW_WORD(t,0); |
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296 | u = t*lg2_h; |
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297 | v = (p_l-(t-p_h))*lg2+t*lg2_l; |
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298 | z = u+v; |
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299 | w = v-(z-u); |
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300 | t = z*z; |
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301 | t1 = z - t*(P1+t*(P2+t*(P3+t*(P4+t*P5)))); |
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302 | r = (z*t1)/(t1-two)-(w+z*w); |
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303 | z = one-(r-z); |
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304 | GET_HIGH_WORD(j,z); |
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305 | j += (n<<20); |
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306 | if((j>>20)<=0) z = scalbn(z,n); /* subnormal output */ |
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307 | else SET_HIGH_WORD(z,j); |
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308 | return s*z; |
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309 | }=0)>20); |